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Kanak people
Kanak (French spelling: Kanak since 1984; earlier Canaque) are the indigenous Melanesian inhabitants of New Caledonia, an overseas collectivity of France in the southwest Pacific. According to the 2009 census, they constitute 40.3% of the total population of New Caledonia with 99,078 people.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ISEE - Population 2009 )〕 Though Melanesian settlement is recorded on Grande Terre's Presqu'île de Foué peninsula as far back as the Lapita culture, the origin of Kanak people is unclear. Ethnographic research has shown that Polynesian seafarers have intermarried with the Kanaks over the centuries.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Pacific Islands Report )〕 The Kanaks refer to the European inhabitants of New Caledonia as Caldoches.
New Caledonia was annexed to France in 1853, and became an overseas territory of France in 1956. A political movement, restarted by some Kanaks in 1984, after an initial failed revolt in 1967, has strongly pursued total independence status from the French rule. A 2014 referendum will decide whether or not the territory will achieve sovereign status.〔 When the 1988 Matignon agreements were signed between the representatives of France and New Caledonia to decide on holding the referendum for independence, Jean-Marie Tjibaou, the Kanak leader of the independence movement, had mooted a proposal to set up an Agency for the Development of Kanak Culture (ADCK). After Tjibaou's assassination in 1989, the French President François Mitterrand ordered that a cultural centre on the lines suggested by Tjibaou be set up in Nouméa, the capital of New Caledonia; it was to be the last of Mitterrand's ''Grands Projets''. The Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre was formally established in May 1998.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Tjibaou Cultural Centre and ADCK )〕
Although ancient Lapita potteries date back to 1500 BC, and the people of the island have long been involved in the arts, since the establishment of the ADCK, Kanak arts and crafts have become more popular in New Caledonia. Wooden carvings in the shape of hawks, ancient gods, serpents and turtles are popular as is flèche faîtière, a carving which resembles a small totem pole with symbolic shapes, Music, dance and singing are part of many a Kanak ceremonial function and dances are performed during the traditional Kanak gatherings with the objective of cementing relationships within the clan and with ancestors.
==Etymology==
The word 'Kanak' is derived from ''kanaka maoli'', a Hawaiian word which was at one time applied indiscriminately by European explorers, traders and missionaries in Oceania to any non-European Pacific islander. Prior to European contact, there were no unified states in New Caledonia, and no single self-appellation used to refer to its inhabitants. Other words have been coined from ''Kanak'' in the past few generations: ''Kanaky'' is an ethno-political name for the island or the entire territory. ''Kanéka'' is a musical genre associated with the Kanak, stylistically a form of reggae with added flutes, percussion and harmonies. ''Kaneka'' often has political lyrics and is sung in Drehu, Paici or other Melanesian languages, or in French. The word "kanak" is grammatically invariable. The German racial epithet ''Kanake'' — which is now applied to all non-whites, even southern Europeans in some cases, and especially to Turkish immigrants — also derives from the same source, and was originally applied to people from German colonial possessions in Oceania.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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